Cat behavior is a complex world. On the one hand, cats are extremely intelligent animals that seem to empathize with us; they reflect our need for both social time and private time, and this is one of the reasons why we love having them as part of the family.

On the other hand, they sometimes demonstrate bizarre behaviors that defy explanation. Some cats have a tendency to chew, even when not eating. They might also be purring while they do this. Below are four vet-verified reasons for cats “chewing on nothing”.

The 4 Reasons Why Cats Chew on Nothing and Purr

1. Pain

Pain is a common cause of excessive chewing in cats, even when not eating. In fact, most cats will continue to eat food with a sore mouth. However, chewing while not eating can be a sign that there is discomfort in the mouth. The chewing behavior is a cat’s effort to alleviate pain—think of it as rubbing a sore spot.

Common causes of oral pain in cats include dental disease, broken teeth, tumors, and ingestion of chemical substances.

2. Stress or Boredom

Some cats chew on nothing as a result of anxiety or stress. Over the past couple of decades, vets and cat owners have become more aware of feline stress. We know that cats are highly sensitive creatures, often independent, with a desire for routine. Some cats are stressed by the presence of other cats, young children, or excessive noise.

Other cats are anxious as a result of previous trauma or experiences. Regardless, stress can result in chewing and purring behaviors, which might be thought of as a cat’s equivalent to biting the nails.

3. Chattering

Chattering refers to the shuttering of the teeth, sometimes accompanied by vocalization. This behavior is completely normal, and nothing to worry about. We believe that cats chatter when they are watching a potential prey species such as a bird. While it may be hard to imagine, your cat has hunting instincts somewhere within them.

One theory proposes that cats chatter to mimic the sound of the bird, enabling them to sneak up on the bird (if there isn’t a window in the way).

4. Habit

Some cats will chew and purr out of habit. In other words, there may be no pain, no stress, and no prey species in sight—chewing and purring can be normal behavior, if it is infrequent and short-lived. Additionally, if cats have chewed on nothing as a result of pain or stress, it can be hard to eradicate this behavior, even after the pain and stress are corrected.

Conclusion

If your cat’s chewing is a new behavior, but he or she seems otherwise completely fine, it’s reasonable to adopt a “watch and wait” approach. If you have noticed any drooling, loss of appetite, or other signs of being unwell, it’s certainly worth arranging a visit to your veterinarian.

The vet will be able to check for any signs of pain or disease, as well as discuss stress and feline behavior with you.

Featured Image Credit: Liz Creative Studios, Shutterstock

The post Why Is My Cat Chewing on Nothing and Purring? Our Vet Discusses Possible Reasons by Dr. Joe Mallat DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

The mast cell tumor (sometimes referred to as a mastocytoma) is a relatively common form of feline cancer. These tumors can arise on the skin, in the spleen, or the intestines. While some mast cell tumors are relatively benign, with the possibility of cure, others can be malignant and carry a greater risk of spread throughout the body.

Hearing the diagnosis of a mast cell tumor can be overwhelming. What caused this to occur? Where do we go from here? What even is a mast cell? This article will answer common questions about feline mast cell tumors, exploring signs, causes, treatment options, and more.

What Is a Mast Cell?

Mast cells play an important role in your cat’s health. They are a type of white blood cell that performs several important immune functions. If a cat is “invaded” by allergens, parasites, or even venom, mast cells are activated as one of the immune system’s first responders.

Mast cells release several chemicals in an effort to restore the body to normality. One of these chemicals, which is relatively well known, is histamine. Histamine is the chemical that triggers redness, inflammation, and itching during an allergic reaction or hay fever episode.

What Are Mast Cell Tumors?

Mast cells, just like many other cells in the body, can turn cancerous. When this occurs, the normal and controlled division of mast cells has become de-railed, leading to aggressive and uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells.

Signs of Mast Cell Tumors in Cats

The signs of mast cell tumors in cats are variable. They depend largely on which of the above three organs are affected, how aggressive the tumor is, and how far the cancer has progressed.

If the tumor is on the skin, you may notice a firm plaque (hard, flattened area) or a lump under the skin; however, mast cell tumors can take on many different appearances. While they commonly occur around the head and neck, other parts of the skin can be affected. The lesion may be itchy as a result of histamine release by the tumor.

If your cat has the splenic form of disease, weight loss, vomiting and loss of appetite are common signs. These signs are vague or “non-specific”, and can be confused with other diseases.

If the tumor affects the intestines (bowels), gastrointestinal signs are more common. These include vomiting and diarrhea. Fresh red blood may be visible in your cat’s stool, or the stool may have a dark/tarry appearance (representing digested blood). Weight loss and reduced appetite are also possible. Unfortunately, feline mast cell tumors can spread to neighboring organs and lymph nodes.

What Are the Causes of Mast Cell Tumors?

Like many cancers in pets and people alike, the exact cause of mast cell tumors remains unknown. The formation of mast cell tumors is likely “multifactorial”, meaning several factors contribute to tumor development. Some of these factors are environmental, and others are genetic or hereditary.

A certain tiny protein called KIT helps control or regulate mast cell division. It is believed that this KIT protein undergoes a mutation, allowing mast cell division to occur in an abnormal and aggressive manner.

Diagnosing Mast Cell Tumors in Your Cat

Diagnosis of mast cell tumors can be very straightforward, or relatively challenging. If the tumor is on the skin, your vet may be able to take a fine needle aspirate and reach a fairly conclusive diagnosis. This involves using a small needle to “suck up” some cells from the lump, which are placed onto a glass slide and analyzed under the microscope.

If mast cells and histamine granules are in abundance, the lump is likely a cutaneous mast cell tumor. Surgical biopsies may or may not be indicated.

However, it is not possible to perform a fine needle aspirate on splenic and intestinal mast cell tumors, as they lie much deeper, inside the abdomen. These internal tumors tend to be detected on an ultrasound or MRI scan of the abdomen. However, it is impossible to tell from imaging alone what type of tumor is present. Surgical (or endoscopic) biopsies are needed to reach a diagnosis, with samples being sent to an external laboratory for analysis by a specialist pathologist.

Once the diagnosis of a mast cell tumor is made, staging may be performed. This involves performing blood tests, and imaging of the chest and abdomen, to see if the tumor has spread to other parts of the body. Enlarged lymph nodes should also be sampled.

How Do I Care for a Cat With a Mast Cell Tumor?

Caring for a cat with a mast cell tumor requires you to work closely with a trusted veterinarian. There are no at-home fixes for mast cell tumors, and it isn’t recommended to leave them untreated (unless your cat is in a palliative-care state). Surgical removal of tumors is the most common treatment.

It is important to note that surgery is always performed under general anesthesia in cats. For mast cell tumors of the skin, this may be the only treatment necessary to achieve a cure, though the risk of recurrence certainly exists. For splenic and intestinal mast cell tumors, a combination of surgery and chemotherapy may be necessary. Your veterinarian will discuss this with you in more detail.

Antihistamine and antacid medications are often prescribed to help your cat feel better. Following surgery, pain relief is necessary. Cats undergoing chemotherapy may require antibiotics and anti-nausea medications, too. Treating aggressive mast cell tumors can be fairly involved, requiring frequent discussions with your vet and several visits to the vet clinic for check-ups.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are There Any Natural Treatment Options for Mast Cell Tumors?

There are no natural remedies for mast cell tumors. While the internet may be teeming with viable antihistamines, probiotics, and herbal formulas, there is no evidence to suggest that these will shrink or cure mast cell tumors. For cats undergoing appropriate surgical and chemotherapy treatments, natural medications may be a useful adjunct, though they should always be discussed with your veterinarian.

What Is the Prognosis for Cats with Mast Cell Tumors?

The prognosis for cats with a single or solitary mast cell tumor on the skin is good if surgery is performed. The risk of recurrence or spread to other organs is relatively low. Unfortunately, cats suffering splenic or intestinal forms of mast cell tumors have a poorer prognosis. Some cats can live a long life following the removal of the spleen. Intestinal mast cell tumors are more sinister, as the spread is common and achieving a cure is rare. 

Which Breeds Are at Greater Risk of Mast Cell Tumors?

Siamese cats are believed to be more prone to mast cell tumors, though any cat can be affected.

Conclusion

Mast cell tumors are cancers derived from one of the cells of the feline immune system. They can affect the skin, spleen, and intestines. Prognosis is variable, and appropriate veterinary treatment is recommended.

If you have noticed a lump on your cat’s skin, or if your cat is showing signs of being unwell, arrange a consultation with your veterinarian. Earlier detection of mast cell tumors will usually lead to a better health outcome for your cat.

Featured Image Credit: PRESSLAB, Shutterstock

The post Mast Cell Tumors in Cats: Signs, Causes, Care & FAQ (Vet Answer) by Dr. Joe Mallat DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Bobcat Fever is a serious and life-threatening disease that causes anemia in feline species. While the name suggests that the wild bobcat is primarily affected, this is not the case. Bobcats appear to have good immunity and tend to become “carriers” of the parasite, without displaying any signs of disease. Domestic cats, however, are not so fortunate.

Bobcat Fever is predominantly found in the south central and south eastern areas of North America. The range of disease is believed to be spreading due to climate change and local weather changes. This article will explain how Bobcat Fever is transmitted, what causes it, and what can be done to treat cats suffering from this problematic disease.

What is Bobcat Fever?

There is a technical name for Bobcat Fever: Cytauxzoonosis. This is because Bobcat Fever is caused by a blood parasite called Cytauxzoon felis. The parasite is found in ticks (most commonly the Lone Star tick and American dog tick). When a tick carrying the C. felis parasite feeds on a cat, the parasite can be transmitted into the cat’s blood.

Once in the cat’s blood, the parasite undergoes several stages of division and replication. The parasite invades white blood cells (macrophages) and causes them to burst. They then infect red blood cells which are destroyed causing the cats to become anemic. Parasite clumps are also capable of occluding (blocking) blood vessels and disrupting oxygen distribution to tissues.

What Are the Signs of Bobcat Fever?

Signs of Bobcat Fever develop approximately 10 days from the time of the tick bite. The early signs can be vague or “non-specific”:

Later in the course of the disease, cats become extremely unwell. The lymph nodes, spleen, and liver may become enlarged. Cats will often become hypothermic (low body temperature), and then lapse into coma. Death occurs shortly after this around day 21 post infection.

If your pet is showing these signs, we suggest you speak to a vet.

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What Are the Causes of Bobcat Fever?

Bobcat Fever is caused by the blood parasite Cytauxzoon felis. It is carried in an infected tick’s saliva and injected into the cat’s bloodstream when the tick feeds. The tick replicates in blood cells (and other tissues in the body), destroying red blood cells and anemia.

The disease is not caused by ingesting ticks. It is not caused by encountering bobcats or other infected cats.

How Do I Care for a Cat with Bobcat Fever?

At home, there is no way of knowing if your cat has contracted Bobcat Fever, as this requires some diagnostic tests to be run. For this reason, if your cat has any of the early signs of being unwell, it is best to get them checked by a veterinarian.

Previously, the fatality rate was believed to be very close to 100%. This meant that no cat suffering from Bobcat Fever was believed to survive. More recently, there has been some treatment success, though still minimal. Cats require hospitalization and aggressive treatment with intravenous fluids, specific injectable medications for the C. felis parasite, blood transfusions, and nutritional support (which may require the placement of a feeding tube). Cats that survive may spend upwards of one week in hospital and a further two weeks for full recovery.

In cats that are severely unwell, or where hospitalization and aggressive treatment are not possible, euthanasia may be the kindest option.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. How Is Bobcat Fever Diagnosed?

Bobcat Fever is diagnosed using a combination of blood tests. The C. felis parasite can often be seen in red blood cells when analyzing a blood film under the microscope. PCR (DNA) tests may be required to confirm the diagnosis. If the cause of anemia remains unclear after blood tests, imaging studies may be used to rule out other causes of anemia.

2. What Is the Prognosis for Cats with Bobcat Fever?

With prompt and aggressive treatment, it is believed that up to 60% of cats may survive. Without treatment, the mortality rate is close to 100%. It is not fully understood why some cats survive and others do not.

3. How Can Bobcat Fever Be Prevented?

The only way to ensure your cat is not at risk of Bobcat Fever is to keep them indoors, where they are not exposed to ticks. Tick prevention products in the form of spot-on treatments and collars can be used, but none are 100% effective. Speak to your veterinary team about the best tick prevention tactics in your area.

Conclusion

Bobcat Fever is a potentially fatal parasitic disease that causes anemia in domestic cats. The disease gets its name because bobcats are the reservoir host, meaning they are the natural animal in which the C. felis parasite resides. But while bobcats do not become unwell as a result of their infection, household cats do.

Treatment protocols exist but must be undertaken early. If you live in an area where cats are at risk of Bobcat Fever, it is best to keep them indoors. If this is not possible, ensure you are applying a tick preventative. If you have any concerns about your cat’s health, do not hesitate to contact your veterinarian.

Featured Image Credit: one photo, Shutterstock

The post Bobcat Fever: Our Vet Discusses Signs, Causes & Treatment by Dr. Joe Mallat DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Yes, some cats have a propensity for laziness. But all cats are inquisitive creatures by nature, and you can bet that your cat has explored every corner of the home at some point in time. Unfortunately, many household plants, items, cleaning products, and foods are harmful to cats. It can be hard, or even impossible, to train a cat not to eat things.

Therefore, preventing their access to them is important; this may involve either keeping harmful items locked away or not keeping them in the house at all. But first, you need to know what to be careful of. Below is a summary of the eight most common household items that can be toxic to cats.

The 8 Household Items That Are Toxic to Cats

1. Lilies

Unfortunately, lily toxicity in cats is relatively common. These plants are striking, readily available in many parts of the world, and very popular. However, they are also extremely dangerous to cats. All parts of the lily, including the stems, leaves, and flowers, are toxic to cats.

Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum), Stargazer lilies (Lilium Stargazer hybrid), and Asiatic lilies (Lilium asiaticum) seem to be the most hazardous. The toxin in lilies has not yet been identified, but we do know that it can cause life-threatening kidney disease. Some cats can make a recovery, but others remain in lifelong kidney failure or even need to be euthanized.

If you have a cat, never keep lilies in your house or garden—the risks are too high.

2. Human Medications

Many medications used to make people feel better do the opposite to cats. Remember, these drugs and medications were designed for (and studied in) humans. The physiology of cats, as well as their significantly lesser body weight, means that they cannot metabolize human medications. The most common over-the-counter medications that are harmful to cats are paracetamol (Tylenol), aspirin, and ibuprofen (Advil). These are common brand names only—many other brands exist.

You may need to keep these pain relief medications in the house for your own use, but always keep them stowed away in a lockable cabinet or cupboard.

3. Car Antifreeze

Ethylene glycol is the active ingredient in most automotive antifreeze products. Antifreeze works by stopping the water in your engine’s cooling system from freezing during the winter months. Antifreeze is odorless and sweet-tasting. It is also extremely harmful to cats—as little as one-eighth of a teaspoon can cause toxicity. Initially, cats appear lethargic, uncoordinated, and often vomit—these are the signs of being “drunk” as antifreeze is technically a type of alcohol.

Shortly after this, cats appear to improve, which can trick owners into thinking everything is okay. Then, 12–24 hours after ingestion, kidney damage begins and irreversible kidney failure may occur.

4. Batteries and Magnets

We don’t fully understand why a cat would eat a metal object, but it happens. Button batteries, also known as coin batteries or button cells, can pose a problem to cats if they get stuck in the esophagus or stomach. Magnets can also be problematic, particularly if two are ingested. Why? A magnet sitting in one loop of the bowel can attract a magnet elsewhere in the bowels, pulling these loops of intestines together. Each magnet will then be pressed with great force against the wall of the intestine in an effort to stay attached to the other magnet.

This leads to perforation of the intestines; food then escapes the bowels and causes infection in the abdomen, which is life-threatening.

5. String and Hair Ties

Some fabric materials can be harmful to cats. Cats love string because they see it as prey; it gives them a chance to express some of their feline instincts. However, if a cat eats a long enough piece of string, it can act as what vets call a “linear foreign body”. These are long pieces of fabric that get stuck in the digestive tract, causing bunching of the bowels as they contract in an effort to pass the material.

Hair ties, on the other hand, are more perplexing. For reasons largely unknown, many cats will eat hair ties. These can sit in the stomach and accumulate (if the cat keeps eating them) until they form a blockage. Ingested string and hair ties should be removed either surgically or endoscopically (camera-guided).

6. Foods

We’re not here to tell you that you can’t have chocolate in your home—just that you should keep it away from your cat. In addition to chocolate, which causes vomiting, diarrhea, heart problems, and seizures, there are other foods that must be kept away from your cat. Garlic and onions cause anemia. Grapes and raisins can cause kidney problems. Alcohol, raw eggs, and raw meat should all be avoided too.

7. Cleaning products

Just about every cleaning product you can think of can be harmful to your cat. These are highly chemical formulas that were not designed with cats in mind. Again, we’re not here to tell you that you can’t clean your house, but that you should use caution when you use cleaning products. Bleach, oven cleaner, detergent, mold-removal liquids, ammonia-hydroxide—all of these and more can cause a wide range of ailments in your cat if licked or eaten.

If you are using these products, make sure your cat is kept away until the product is completely dry; ensure that any spills are cleaned up and that the bottles are kept sealed.

8. Rat Bait

Rat bait, known in the vet world as a rodenticide, can cause life-threatening bleeding disorders if eaten by your cat. Rodenticides are designed to kill rats: the rat nibbles on the bait and then develops a blood clotting disorder. The problem lies in the fact that rat bait can cause this same clotting disorder in cats.

Most cats have enough reserve of clotting factors to be okay for two days after ingestion, but then, as they start to bleed (often internally), they show signs of being unwell. If you have a cat (or dog), we recommend using rat traps and repellents instead of baits.

Conclusion

Keeping your cat away from potentially harmful household items can seem like a daunting task. The purpose of the above list is not to instill fear, but to familiarize you with common materials, foods, and objects that pose a health risk to cats. Some of these, such as medications, magnets, and food, are reasonable to keep at home while exercising caution. Others, including lilies and rat bait, should probably be avoided altogether.

Different items will cause different signs of illness, so if you have any concerns about your cat’s health, do not hesitate to contact your veterinarian.

Featured Image Credit: New Africa, Shutterstock

The post 8 Household Items That Are Toxic to Cats (Vet Answer) by Dr. Joe Mallat DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Have you ever been stressed for a long time, and as a result of this had a bad skin break out or picked up a head cold? In many ways, cats aren’t too different to us. Chronic stress leads to many illnesses in people and cats alike.

Pandora’s Syndrome refers to a complex and challenging disease in cats, presumed to be related to chronic stress. Cats suffering from Pandora’s Syndrome have a long list of potential signs related to many different body systems. The urinary system is the most commonly involved. For this reason, Pandora’s Syndrome was previously referred to as “feline lower urinary tract disease” or “feline urological syndrome”, and stress or anxiety was believed to be one of the main causes of the urinary issues.

However, new research suggests that many other organs in cats are affected by chronic stress, including the heart, the digestive system, the respiratory tract, and even the skin. This article will explain Pandora’s Syndrome in cats—what’s behind the name, why it matters, and what can be done to improve their overall well-being.

Where Does the Name Originate?

In Greek mythology, Pandora opened a box that led to many complicated problems. The more we research cats, the more it seems that stress potentially plays a role in many of the poorly understood feline health problems.

Previously, many other names were given to the urinary issues associated with stress. Recently, a leading veterinarian in the field named Dr. C.A. Tony Buffington, proposed the name Pandora’s Syndrome, after years of research revealed that stress or anxiety was potentially affecting much more than just a cat’s bladder.

What Is Pandora’s Syndrome in Cats?

Pandora’s Syndrome is an “umbrella” term used to describe cats with many diseases, potentially all stemming from chronic stress. These cats are in a constant state of “fight or flight”, and cannot appropriately control their stress response. This may be the result of maternal stress during pregnancy or early trauma experienced by the kitten; genetics and stressful home environments likely also play a role.

As a result of chronic stress, these cats develop “co-morbidities”. This term describes the presence of two or more different diseases at the same time. For example, the cat may have respiratory illness such as cat flu, while also having difficulty urinating due to an inflamed bladder. Or, they may have early heart disease and diabetes. Whatever the situation, stress is believed to be a key driver for all of the problems.

What Are the Signs of Pandora’s Syndrome in Cats?

This depends on which body system is involved. The most commonly involved body system is the urogenital or urinary system. Signs include:

Behaviorally, affected cats are often excessively hiding, showing aggression, eating indiscriminately, and over-grooming. Other body systems can be involved, resulting in dental disease, heart disease, upper respiratory infections, diabetes, and chin acne.

It is worth mentioning that most signs of Pandora’s Syndrome “wax and wane”, meaning they are observed, then seem to subside, then manifest again, and this cycle tends to repeat itself. Regardless, any of the above signs warrant a trip to your veterinarian. Pandora Syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion, so bladder stones, urinary crystals, and infections need to be ruled out, first.

What Are the Causes of Pandora’s Syndrome in Cats?

At this stage, no single cause has been identified. There are a few theories as to why cats develop Pandora’s Syndrome:

How Do I Care for a Cat with Pandora’s Syndrome?

Managing Pandora’s Syndrome often involves a combination of at-home changes to give the cat more control of their space, and appropriate medications to lower their stress threshold.

Environmental Modification

A full discussion of environmental modification is beyond the scope of this article, however, in short, cats should feel safe and comfortable in their home environment. Some rules of thumb are included below:

Medications

Many affected cats benefit from anti-anxiety medications. The purpose of these is not to sedate the cat but to “take the edge off” or lower their stress threshold. Many options are available, such as gabapentin and alprazolam. These medications are considered off-label, meaning they must be discussed with, and prescribed by, a veterinarian.

Frequently Asked Questions

How Is Pandora’s Syndrome Diagnosed?

There is no definitive test to diagnose Pandora’s Syndrome. A diagnosis may be reached based on a history of the cat’s life, an assessment of their home environment, consideration of the signs they are showing, and the exclusion of other diseases.

What Is the Prognosis for Cats with Pandora’s Syndrome?

With appropriate home modification and medication, most cats have a good prognosis. The bigger concern may be that cats with Pandora’s Syndrome experience a poor quality of life if left untreated.

Conclusion

Pandora’s Syndrome is a tricky and often frustrating feline disease driven primarily by chronic stress. Stress has many detrimental effects on the body. In cats, this most commonly results in urinary issues, though heart disease, skin disease, dental disease, and respiratory disease may also be linked to Pandora’s Syndrome.

While more research is required, there are many steps that can be taken to reduce anxiety and improve affected cats’ quality of life.

Featured Image Credit: New Africa, Shutterstock

The post Pandora’s Syndrome in Cats: Causes, Signs & Treatment (Vet Answer) by Dr. Joe Mallat DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Ibuprofen is a commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory in humans. It can be purchased over the counter and is often used to treat fever, pain, head colds, swelling, and menstrual discomfort. Unfortunately, ibuprofen is very harmful to cats. It should never be given as a pain relief medication, and if you suspect your cat has managed to eat ibuprofen, prompt veterinary attention should be sought.

This article will explain and examine ibuprofen toxicity in cats, including why it is so dangerous, what can be done if your cat has eaten it, and what signs you should be watching for.

What is a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID)?

Ibuprofen belongs to a class of medications known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This medication blocks some of the pathways in the body that produce inflammatory mediators. However, these same pathways are also responsible for many normal body functions, including regulation of the digestive tract, kidneys, liver, and blood clotting factors. As a result of this, an overdose of an NSAID can cause ulceration of the stomach, impaired kidney function, damage to the liver, and an inability to clot blood.

Why Is Ibuprofen Harmful to Cats?

Ibuprofen is extremely dangerous in cats. For the average-sized cat, as little as one standard ibuprofen tablet (200mg) can be harmful.

The simple answer here is that cats are not people. They are, of course, much smaller in size. Additionally, their ability to metabolize, or break down, various drugs, including ibuprofen, is significantly reduced compared to people. When pharmaceutical companies test medications such as ibuprofen, they test the medication on people. This establishes a safety margin—in other words, how much of the medication can be consumed without causing any negative effects. This safety margin does not transfer across species. Indeed, the safety margin for ibuprofen is much smaller in cats than it is in humans.

Why Do Cats Eat Ibuprofen?

The short answer is, we don’t know. Veterinary clinics and The Animal Poisons Hotline receive many calls every year in regard to cats that have eaten ibuprofen. In some of these cases, owners may have given their cat ibuprofen to help with a painful condition without knowing the potential toxicity it can cause. In other situations, owners have found a packet of ibuprofen that has been chewed up.

Some ibuprofen capsules or tablet preparations may have a sweet-smelling coating that appeals to cats. Other times, it may just be the cat’s inquisitive nature that leads them to try some ibuprofen.

Signs of Ibuprofen Toxicity in Cats

Most ibuprofen toxicities in cats cause irritation and ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract. Owners may notice:

More severe cases of ibuprofen toxicity lead to acute kidney disease, liver disease, and, in extreme cases, neurological disease. Owners may notice:

Treatment of Ibuprofen Toxicity in Cats

There are three main ways vets will treat ibuprofen toxicity in cats:

Blood and urine tests are often used by veterinarians to assess the toxicity initially or to gather a baseline database. These same tests can also be used as a guide 2–3 days later to ensure no further injury to organs has occurred.

Prognosis for Cats After Ibuprofen Ingestion

The prognosis for cats with ibuprofen ingestion is variable. It depends on the size and health status of your cat, the amount of ibuprofen ingested, the time at which ingestion was detected, and the treatment regimen undertaken.

Having said that, most cats that eat ibuprofen are able to make a full recovery with appropriate care.

Conclusion

Ibuprofen is a common household medication that is extremely harmful to cats. While its use is generally considered very safe for people, a single tablet can cause problems for our feline friends. Gastrointestinal and kidney injury are most common, and treatment for these problems may require admission to a veterinary hospital.

If you have accidentally given your cat ibuprofen, or suspect that your cat has gotten into ibuprofen, contact your veterinarian or nearest vet emergency center promptly.

See also:

• Chinese Dragon Li Cat Breed Info: Pictures, Temperament & Traits
• How to Choose a Cat to Adopt: 6 Vet-Approved Factors to Consider

The post My Cat Ate Ibuprofen: Is it Dangerous & What to Do? (Vet Answer) by Dr. Joe Mallat DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

If you’ve ever had to bring your dog or cat to the vet for eating something potentially dangerous, you may have taken home a black substance either in liquid, tablet, or powder form. This is activated charcoal—it’s not a health food or skin-care treatment, but rather a material commonly used to bind and absorb toxins in pets.

So, how does it work and is it safe? This article will explain how activated charcoal works and discuss common uses and potential risks.

What Is Activated Charcoal?

Let’s start by clarifying one thing: Activated charcoal and activated carbon are the same things. The terms can be used interchangeably.

Activated charcoal is a material with excellent absorbent properties, meaning it can bind potential toxins in the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and bowels). This, in turn, prevents the toxin from being absorbed into circulation and causing problems.

Activated charcoal is made by taking wood or something similar and burning it at extremely high temperatures. This burning is done in the absence of oxygen, and the resulting product is then treated with chemicals like nitrogen. This treatment creates a network of holes and pores in the charcoal, affording the structure a very high surface area that can attract and hold organic chemicals.

In more simple terms, activated charcoal acts like a sponge in the bowels, mopping up toxins and holding on to them until they can be excreted.

What Is Activated Charcoal Used for in Cats?

Activated charcoal is used to bind toxins, minimizing their absorption and reducing the risk of intoxication. Commonly ingested toxins for which activated charcoal is used include:

How Is Activated Charcoal Given?

Activated charcoal must be given orally. Unfortunately, this does present a significant challenge. Most cat owners will be aware of how difficult it can be to administer medications to cats.

Most of the time, syringing is easiest. Mixing into food can be difficult, as many cats will not eat their food if it has a strange black sticky liquid in it. Giving tablets to cats is difficult too, as the activated charcoal tablets are fairly large, and multiple tablets are usually required to reach the required dose.

If giving charcoal via a syringe into the mouth proves unsuccessful, some veterinarians will give it via a tube. This involves using a nasogastric tube—a thin tube that passes up the nostril and into the stomach. Sedation may be required to pass the tube. We must also mention that giving activated charcoal can get messy, so make sure to do it away from furniture and not while wearing your nicest clothes!

What Happens If You Miss a Dose?

Missing a dose is unlikely to cause any issues, but doubling the next dose may not have any benefit. For this reason, if you miss a dose of activated charcoal, just skip this dose, and resume the normal dosing when the next one is due.

Potential Side Effects of Activated Charcoal

Thankfully, activated charcoal is very safe. Side effects are very rare, though it helps to know what signs to be on the lookout for:

If accidentally inhaled by your cat, aspiration pneumonia (infection of the lungs) can occur. If activated charcoal contacts the eyes, abrasions of the cornea (clear front surface of the eye) can occur.

It is worth noting that most animals given activated charcoal will have very dark (or even jet-black) stools for 1–2 days. This is completely normal!

Seek veterinary advice if you’re concerned about your pet’s well-being.

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If you need to speak with a vet but can’t get to one, head over to PangoVet. It’s an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. Can I Give My Cat Activated Charcoal Without a Vet Visit?

This is certainly not advisable. If your cat has eaten something potentially dangerous, arrange a visit to your veterinarian or nearest vet emergency clinic as soon as possible. Activated charcoal is not right for every cat and every toxin.

First, if the dose of toxin ingested is very high, activated charcoal alone may not be enough to prevent signs of intoxication. Your vet may recommend other treatments, such as the induction of vomiting, fluids via a drip, or certain true “antidotes.”

Second, activated charcoal is not safe to use with some underlying conditions. Examples of these include dehydration, elevated sodium levels, kidney disease, megaesophagus, and neurological disease.

2. How Long Does Activated Charcoal Need to Be Given For?

Activated charcoal doses are based on your cat’s weight, as well as the potential toxin at hand and the amount ingested. For most toxins, between one and five doses of activated charcoal are required. For some toxins, a longer course may be recommended.

Conclusion

Activated charcoal is an excellent remedy for many toxins. If your cat has been prescribed activated charcoal after eating something hazardous, don’t underestimate its significance, and do your best to give all the doses. The ability of activated charcoal to mop up toxins in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing them from causing damage, is very useful.

If your cat has eaten something that has you worried, do not hesitate to contact your veterinarian.

Featured Image Credit by: Momentum studio, Shutterstock

The post Activated Charcoal for Cats: Our Vet Discusses Benefits and Risks by Dr. Joe Mallat DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Warbles and “wolf worm” are colloquial terms that describe the same thing—the larval form of the Cuterebra fly. The adult fly itself is sometimes referred to as the North American rabbit or rodent fly. If a cat becomes infested with the Cuterebra larvae, which encyst or “hide” in different tissues, the cat is said to have Warbles. Warbles can cause cats discomfort and infection, but the disease tends to be more of a nuisance than anything else.

Cats are accidental hosts of the Cuterebra larva, meaning that once the larvae have matured, they depart the cat’s body. Read on to find out more about Warbles in cats, what it looks like, why it happens, and what can be done to treat it.

What is Warbles in Cats?

Warbles are larvae of the Cuterebra fly, which can infect cats. Here, it helps to have an understanding of the Cuterebra fly life cycle. The adult fly lays its eggs at the opening of a rabbit or rodent burrow (though sometimes inside the burrow). This might be referred to as a “nest” of eggs. These eggs hatch into larvae, which typically infect rodents or rabbits after entering via the nose or mouth. They then continue their development in the body, before exiting once they have matured to finish their development and become adult flies.

But what does this have to do with cats? Well, Cuterebra larvae are opportunistic. Although they might prefer (and typically infect) rabbits and rodents, they’ll settle for a cat if the chance presents itself. So, if a cat sticks its head in or near a rodent burrow while hunting, the larvae can infect the cat via the mouth, nose, or, more commonly, a wound. Then, the Cuterebra larvae continue their development in the cat, typically under the skin in the subcutaneous tissue, and the cat has contracted Warbles.

What Are the Signs of Warbles in Cats?

Cat owners typically notice a wound or swelling under the skin. This wound tends to be around the head or neck, as the cat has placed its head in the rodent burrow, making this part of the body more prone to infection. In addition to the wound or swelling, there is sometimes an “air hole” used by the larvae to breathe, and matted fur caused by the cat over-grooming this area. Often, the wound in which the larva is living becomes infected with bacteria too, forming an abscess. In this case, there will be pus coming from the site, and it will be painful to touch.

So far, we have only described the cutaneous (skin) form of warbles. Less commonly, the larvae migrate to infect the nervous system, eyes, or respiratory system. This can cause lethargy, vision problems, and coughing, depending on where the larva has reached.

What Are the Causes of Warbles in Cats?

Warble infection occurs when a cat is hunting rabbits or rodents, and comes into contact with a Cuterebra larva. These larvae are often found at the entrance to a rabbit or rodent burrow. The cat is considered an “accidental host” for the Cuterebra larvae, which often enter via a small wound in the skin. The larvae then encyst themselves here while they mature into adult flies, causing irritation and infection for the cat in the process.

If you are concerned about the health and well-being of your pet, seek veterinary advice for the best course of action.

Speak To a Vet Online From the Comfort of Your Couch!

If you need to speak with a vet but can’t get to one, head over to PangoVet. It’s an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!

Click to Speak With a Vet

How Do I Care for a Cat with Warbles?

If you suspect that your cat has Warbles, it’s best to arrange a consultation with a veterinarian. If you try to squeeze the larva from beneath the skin, it can “break”, meaning pieces of the larva get left behind, and this can cause inflammation and infection. The best outcome occurs when the larva is removed in one piece. Vets can often do this by opening up the “air hole” and using forceps to retrieve the larva.

They will often then flush or clean the wound, which can form an abscess. Depending on your cat’s temperament, and the severity of the abscess, this may need to be done under sedation or anesthetic. Antibiotics and anti-inflammatories are often prescribed.

Frequently Asked Questions

How Is the Condition Diagnosed?

Most vets will diagnose Warbles by visual inspection. The Cuterebra larva, which looks like a maggot or small worm, can sometimes be seen under the skin. Additionally, your cat’s history, lifestyle, and skin lesion will aid in reaching a diagnosis. Occasionally, an inspection of the larva under the microscope, or by a registered parasitologist, is necessary.

What is the Prognosis for Cats with Warbles?

Thankfully, the prognosis for cats with Warbles is good. Most make a complete recovery, though it can take some time for the infection or abscess to heal. If cats develop a fever, severe abscess, or sepsis, the prognosis is poorer. The prognosis is also worse if the larva has migrated to infect the nerves, eyes, or respiratory system.

How Can Warbles Be Prevented?

The only way to prevent Warbles is to stop your cat from hunting rabbits and rodents. This may involve keeping your cat indoors, especially in summer and fall, when there are more flies and larvae around. If you can’t keep your cat indoors, or if they’re known to escape and hunt, the best thing you can do is regularly inspect them for signs of a wound, abscess, or larvae under the skin.

Conclusion

The thought of a larva that looks like a worm living in your cat’s skin might seem gross, and it is! It’s also uncomfortable for your cat, requiring manual removal and a course of antibiotics to ensure healing. If your cat is at risk of developing Warbles, it might be a good idea to keep them from hunting. If your cat has Warbles, or if you are concerned about a skin lesion that resembles Warbles, always arrange a consultation with your veterinarian.

Featured Image Credit: Nadya Bessonov, Shutterstock

The post Warbles (Wolf Worm) in Cats: Vet Explained Causes, Signs & Care by Dr. Joe Mallat DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Cats get eye infections for several reasons, with viruses, injuries, and allergies being the most common causes. It goes without saying that the eyes are crucial to a cat’s overall health—they use them constantly to jump, hide, and navigate their environment. However, eyes are also extremely delicate structures, so any abnormality in your cat’s eyes should be promptly investigated.

If your cat has an eye infection or seems to be prone to getting them, you may be wondering if the infection will ever heal on its own. While this depends on the cause, the vast majority of eye infections require some form of treatment. Watching and waiting can be too risky. Read on to learn more about cat eye infections and how to manage them.

What is an Eye Infection?

Eye infection is a general term used when one of the structures of the eye has been “invaded” by germs such as bacteria or viruses. The specific part of the eye that has been infected is important.

What Are the Signs of Eye Infection in Cats?

Most eye infections, irrespective of the infected structure, result in similar signs:

In some cats, since viral infections can also result in consequences to the eyes, you might also notice:

What Are the Causes of Eye Infections in Cats?

Below are the four most common causes of eye infections in cats, though many others are possible.

1. Infection (Viral, Bacterial)

This might sound like an obvious one since we are talking about eye infections. However, cats can be infected with feline herpesvirus or calicivirus, which results in changes to the eye. Often, after the viral infection, opportunistic bacteria capitalize on the cat’s weakened immune system and infect the eye. Unfortunately, these infections persist for life. Many cats become “carriers” for the virus, showing no signs of ill health the majority of the time, and occasionally, stress or other problems can cause the viral infection to flare up, resulting in eye infections.

2. Trauma

Trauma is a word vets use to describe an injury. This could be anything from a stick injury, running into a wall, or a scratch from another cat. This can result in infections of the cornea, the conjunctiva, or the eyelids.

3. Foreign Body

A foreign body refers to an object in the eye that shouldn’t be there. These often get stuck in the conjunctiva, or behind the third eyelid (a special eyelid that cats have, but humans don’t). Foreign bodies can be a blade of grass, a grass seed, a piece of stick, a clump of dirt—the list goes on. These generally cause a severe inflammatory reaction that won’t settle until the object is physically removed.

4. Allergy

Allergies are a fairly common cause of conjunctivitis in cats, dogs, and people! Allergic cats are often reacting to something in the environment—grasses, pollens, and dust. However, food can also cause allergies in cats. These allergies tend to be seasonal. They often come and go throughout a cat’s life, as there is no specific cure, though managing your cat’s environment can make a big difference.

Will Cat Eye Infections Heal on Their Own?

Generally, no—cat eye infections require medications to heal. However, this depends a lot on the underlying cause. Occasionally, a mild eye infection caused by a “flare up” of herpesvirus will resolve by itself.

Having said this, it can be hard to know if the eye infection is caused by a viral disease without the aid of a veterinarian. Additionally, eye infections caused by feline viruses are sore and uncomfortable, so consulting your veterinarian to discuss medication may help speed up your cat’s recovery. Eye infections caused by trauma, foreign bodies, or allergies will usually not heal by themselves.

What Can I Do to Prevent Eye Infections from Occurring?

For each of the common causes of cat eye infections, we’ve listed some things you can do to minimize the chance of them occurring:

1. Viral disease

2. Foreign bodies

3. Trauma

4. Allergies

It’s worth mentioning that even the above list cannot eliminate the risk of eye infections. Sometimes, despite your best efforts, eye problems will still arise!

Conclusion

Cat eyes are very important, and also very delicate. Any eye issue should be taken seriously, as cat eye infections can have drastic consequences on vision. Most cat eye infections, with the exception of very mild viral-induced infections, will not heal by themselves. Don’t hesitate to contact your veterinarian if you have any concerns.

See also:

• 8 Types of Cat Eye Colors and Their Rarity (With Pictures)
• Iris Atrophy in Cats: Signs, Causes & When to See a Vet (Expert Guide)

Featured Image Credit: sophiecat, Shutterstock

The post Will a Cat Eye Infection Heal On its Own? Our Vet Explains by Dr. Joe Mallat DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

As a pet owner, having your cat diagnosed with retinal detachment can be overwhelming. It can happen quickly, with few (if any) warning signs, and the consequences—looking after a potentially blind or visually impaired cat—can be drastic. Thankfully, if retinal detachment is caught early enough, vision can be restored, meaning your cat can see again, and this can happen very quickly! But for this to occur, it’s important that you know what to look for, and that you seek prompt veterinary attention.

This article will explore retinal detachment in more depth: what it means, how it happens, and where to go next when dealing with this tricky feline disease.

What is Retinal Detachment in Cats?

To understand this, we need to know a bit about the retina. The retina is a thin film-like layer of cells that sits in a special spot at the very back of the eye. It is made up of “light-sensitive cells”—cells that receive light from the environment and transmit it to the brain. The brain then interprets this light, which is what enables cats (and people) to see.

Retinal detachment occurs when this layer of cells peels off from the back of the eye. The detachment can either be “partial”, meaning only a portion of the retina is detached, or “full”, meaning the entire retina is detached and floating free in the back chamber of the eye. Retinal detachment can affect either one eye or both eyes.

If the retina is partially detached, or if only one eye is affected, your cat will most likely have poor or reduced vision (but still be able to see). If both retinas are fully detached, your cat will be completely blind.

What Are the Signs of Retinal Detachment in Cats?

Most cat owners first notice signs associated with their cat being blind. Signs of blindness include:

Most cats are older when they are diagnosed with retinal detachment, though young cats with pre-existing disease or trauma to the eye can also be affected.

What Are the Causes of Retinal Detachment in Cats?

Broadly speaking, vets will try to decipher if your cat’s retinal detachment is caused by “local” problems or “systemic” problems, and the two are very different:

Retinal Detachment – Local Disease

This refers to “eye-related” causes of retinal detachment. Generally, only one eye is affected, and it is the eye only, not the rest of the body. Causes of local retinal detachment include:

Retinal Detachment – Systemic Disease

This is probably more common, and usually causes retinal detachment in both eyes. The main systemic disease that causes retinal detachment is high blood pressure, or “hypertension”. High blood pressure in cats can be related to kidney or thyroid disease, but it can also occur of its own accord, with no underlying disease. But how does high blood pressure cause retinal detachment and vision loss?

Firstly, it changes the pressures in the eye, leading to the retina peeling away from the back of the eye, as we described. Secondly, it can cause small blood vessels within the eye and retina to rupture and bleed, which makes it even harder for the cat to see.

Can Retinal Detachment Be Treated?

This depends on a few factors, and your veterinarian will be able to guide you through the options.

Retinal detachment caused by high blood pressure can be treated with blood pressure medications. Sometimes (particularly if diagnosed early, before complete detachment), the retina is able to re-attach, and cats regain vision. However, there is no guarantee that this will happen. If there is underlying kidney or thyroid disease, these will also need to be treated.

Unfortunately for most “local” causes of retinal detachment, re-attachment is not possible, and your cat will remain blind in one or both eyes. Treatment of auto-immune diseases or infectious diseases is usually possible and certainly recommended, but again, there is no guarantee that re-attachment of the retina will occur. Referral to a specialist ophthalmologist (eye-vet) will give you the best idea as to the prognosis of your cat regaining vision.

How Do I Care for a Blind Cat?

At this point, there is some good news—most blind cats live full and happy lives! They will require a little extra care from you, as well as a few weeks of adjusting to being blind. However, lots of owners are very pleasantly surprised by how well their cats do without vision. Below is a summary of the main things you will need to do and think about when caring for a blind cat:

This is a short list only and of course, every cat and every home environment will be different. It helps to discuss looking after a blind cat with a veterinarian, or with someone else who has cared for a blind cat.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

How Do Vets Diagnose Retinal Detachment?

A detached retina can usually be visualized by vets with a special instrument called an ophthalmoscope. This instrument allows the back of the eye, where the retina sits, to be seen. If a vet sees retinal detachment, they may want to run a few other tests:

Combining the results of these tests will give your vet an idea of what treatment is necessary to get the best outcome for your cat.

I’m Moving to a New House – Will My Blind Cat Be Okay?

Yes, your cat will be okay, but it is a big change for a blind cat. They will need extra attention, as well as another “adjustment period”. We recommend discussing your move with a vet to make sure it’s as stress-free as possible for you and your cat.

Are There Any Warning Signs for Retinal Detachment?

More often than not, cats don’t give many warning signs before their retina detaches. But there are a few exceptions:

Most of these signs are not specific to early retinal detachment and can be caused by a number of other diseases. For this reason, if you notice that your cat is a bit “off color” or “out of character”, it is best to get them seen by a veterinarian.

Conclusion

Retinal detachment in cats is difficult to manage. Hearing the news that your cat is now blind can be startling. Thankfully, diagnosing retinal detachment is relatively easy, and some cats will naturally re-attach their retina and restore some vision once the underlying problem is treated.

If this is not possible, most blind cats adapt and thrive in their home environment—a real testament to their intelligence!

Featured Image Credit: Mary Swift, Shutterstock

The post Retinal Detachment in Cats: Causes, Signs, and Care (Vet Answer) by Dr. Joe Mallat DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.