It’s important to pay attention to any unusual odors coming from your pet. If your cat smells like sulfur or rotten eggs, it’s crucial to determine the cause, as it could be periodontal disease, an infection, or something to do with their diet. Schedule an appointment with your veterinarian for a thorough check-up to identify the reason for your kitty’s stinky smell.

The 7 Reasons That Your Cat May Smell Like Rotten Eggs

1. Periodontal Disease

An oral infection can lead to foul mouth odors and is typically the cause of the issue. That said, other abnormal mouth odors may be caused by stomatitis, mouth cancer, upper respiratory infection, diabetes, an intestinal blockage, or diseases affecting different organs, such as the liver and kidneys.

2. Type of Food (Diet)

Feeding certain foods to your cat can lead to bad odors coming from their mouth and poop, including raw foods or ones rich in fish. A sudden change in your cat’s diet can lead to gastrointestinal upset, gas, or diarrhea that can have a sulfur smell.

3. Ear Infection

Fungal and bacterial infections can cause your cat’s ears to smell bad. Ear mite infections can also contribute to foul odors.

4. Anal Glands

Soft stools may not express the anal glands completely, which may cause a stinky rear end. Infected anal glands can also be smelly themselves. A frightened cat may also intentionally express their anal glands, which have a similar pungent smell.

5. Lack of Grooming

Cats with arthritis, obesity, urinary tract infections, diarrhea, or widespread disease may not be able to effectively groom themselves, leading to poor hygiene.

6. Skin Infection

Anything that disrupts the skin’s normal protective barrier, such as wounds, parasites, allergies, and cancer, may cause a bad odor.

7. Dirty Litter Box

Infrequent litter box cleaning can lead to the odors building up, so clean your cat’s litter box daily to prevent a stinky kitty!

Tips for Keeping Your Cat Healthy and Happy

If you’re concerned about your cat’s health we suggest you speak to a vet.

Speak To a Vet Online From the Comfort of Your Couch!

If you need to speak with a vet but can’t get to one, head over to PangoVet. It’s an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!

Click to Speak With a Vet

Conclusion

If you notice that your cat has a strong smell of sulfur or rotten eggs, it could be gas or expressed anal glands. But the smell could also indicate various underlying issues. Oral infections, cancer, skin infections, lack of grooming, and even the type of food or the cleanliness of the litter box can all be contributing factors. If you detect a sudden onset of this odor, it’s important to promptly schedule a veterinary check-up to identify and address the root cause.

Featured Image Credit: Stanislaw Mikulski, Shutterstock

The post Why Does My Cat Smell Like Rotten Eggs? Our Vet Discusses Reasons & Tips by Dr. Stacie Grannum DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

The first Cornish Rex kitten was born in Cornwall, U.K., in the 1950s due to a genetic mutation.¹ This breed is known for its very fine, short coat. While Cornish Rex cats are generally healthy, pet parents need to be aware that they can develop health issues that may require veterinary attention.

The 10 Potential Cornish Rex Health Issues

If you are considering adding a Cornish Rex to your family, please keep in mind the following health issues that your new kitty may be predisposed to.

1. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (AD-PKD)

This genetic condition results in the growth of fluid-filled cysts on a cat’s kidneys. Felines born with this disorder develop multiple cysts over time, which can lead to kidney damage. However, not all cats may exhibit signs. Unfortunately, there is no cure for AD-PKD, but proper management by your veterinarian can help.

2. Progressive Retinal Atrophy

This inherited condition causes the degeneration of the retina, eventually leading to blindness within 3–4 years after the signs appear. There is no cure for this disorder.

3. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Thickening of the heart muscle makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood effectively. This disease may be inherited, or it can develop secondarily to another disease, such as hyperthyroidism.

4. Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (NI)

Many domestic cats have type A blood, but Cornish Rex cats most often have type B blood. NI happens when a type B mother gives birth to a type A kitten or vice versa, and the kitten ingests the different blood type’s colostrum from the mother. When this occurs, the antibodies that are usually beneficial start attacking the kitten’s red blood cells. Affected kittens typically die within a few days.

5. Vitamin-K-Dependent Coagulopathy

Cornish Rex cats may suffer from a genetic disorder that affects their blood-clotting ability. This condition is due to a deficiency of an enzyme that helps absorb vitamin K, a vital component of the clotting process. As a result, affected cats may have prolonged bleeding and be more susceptible to bruising.

6. Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Cornish Rex cats seem to be more at risk for developing this disease than other cats. This virus damages blood vessels, which can cause fluid to build up in the abdomen or chest. Unfortunately, there is no treatment for FIP, and the disease is often fatal.

7. Deafness

Certain genetic lines of Cornish Rex (C-rex bloodline) may be susceptible to deafness.

8. Patellar luxation

This occurs when the kneecap pops out of place. Cornish Rex cats are at a higher risk than other cats.

9. Skin Issues

Due to their fine and short coat, Cornish Rex cats may be susceptible to skin problems, such as yeast infections, itchiness (urticaria pigmentosa), thinning or balding coat (hypotrichosis), and sunburn, if they’re not adequately protected from the sun.

10. Dystocia

Cornish Rex cats may have difficulty giving birth to kittens. Their litters may need to be delivered by C-section. This breed carries a higher risk of death for both the mother and her kittens than with other breeds of cats.

Remember to have regular vet visits when owning a Cornish Rex to keep their health and well-being. If you’re concerned about your cat’s health we suggest you speak to a vet.

Speak To a Vet Online From the Comfort of Your Couch!

If you need to speak with a vet but can’t get to one, head over to PangoVet. It’s an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!

Click to Speak With a Vet

Conclusion

The Cornish Rex is a playful and intelligent cat that makes a great companion. While this breed is relatively healthy, there are certain associated health issues that you should be aware of. Always do your research, learn as much about the breed as possible, and schedule regular veterinary exams to detect problems early and to keep your cat as healthy as possible.

Featured Image Credit: Rita_Kochmarjova, Shutterstock

The post 10 Cornish Rex Health Issues You Should Know (Vet Answer) by Dr. Stacie Grannum DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Your cat’s liver is a hard-working organ that performs various functions to ensure that the body’s systems stay healthy and run smoothly. It not only removes wastes and toxins from your cat’s blood but also breaks down medications, helps with the digestion of food, stores vitamins, and minerals, aids the immune system, produces bile and proteins, and generates factors that help clot blood. One can easily imagine that if the liver fails, so do many other body systems.

Liver disease can have detrimental effects on your cat’s health and well-being. Let’s take a closer look into the disease process and how we can help cats suffering from a liver malady.

What Is Liver Disease in Cats?

Liver disease occurs from an alteration in the normal function of the liver or through a secondary process that also affects the liver. While the liver is capable of regenerating itself, which helps protect it, it is also susceptible to injury when it encounters harmful substances that it metabolizes and detoxifies from the body.

What Are the Signs of Liver Disease in Cats?

Liver disease can manifest in vast and diverse ways. Cats with liver disease may show various signs that affect different body systems, such as:

As in people, cats may have yellowing of their skin, the whites of their eyes, and mucus membranes, such as their gums, when their liver is not working properly. This is known as jaundice. Jaundice occurs when bilirubin levels build up in the bloodstream, causing yellowing of the tissues. Bilirubin is produced when old red blood cells and hemoglobin are broken down. This is normally not an issue when the liver filters and removes bilirubin from the bloodstream. However, in cats with liver disease, the filtering of bilirubin is impaired, which may show as the classic yellowing seen with jaundice.

What Are the Causes of Liver Disease in Cats?

Several diseases and disorders can affect the liver. Common causes of liver disease (with examples) in cats include:

Cats can be born with disorders affecting the liver. One such congenital condition is a portosystemic shunt. A shunt impairs the liver’s ability to remove toxic products from the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, blood is shunted away from the liver into the systemic circulation, where toxic substances like ammonia enter the bloodstream.

Ammonia is normally detoxified by the liver. When this process is not working correctly, toxins in the blood can affect the nervous system, the GI, and the urinary tract. Hepatic encephalopathy is a secondary result of liver disease, producing signs like altered behavior and disorientation.

How Is Liver Disease Diagnosed in a Cat?

After carefully reviewing your cat’s past medical history and current signs and performing a complete physical exam, your veterinarian may recommend diagnostic testing, such as bloodwork, urinalysis, abdominal X-rays, and ultrasound, to evaluate the function and appearance of your cat’s liver.

A liver biopsy while your cat is under heavy sedation or general anesthesia may also be recommended to help determine a diagnosis. This is accomplished by guiding a biopsy needle through the skin and directly into your cat’s liver to aspirate a sample of liver cells (also known as fine needle aspiration) or by taking a small amount of liver tissue during surgery. The tissues and cells are then looked at under a microscope by your veterinarian or a trained veterinary pathologist for abnormalities, or they can be cultured for bacteria or analyzed for toxins.

How Do I Care for a Cat With Liver Disease?

If your cat has been diagnosed with liver disease, there are options to help manage or even cure the condition, depending on the underlying causes. Prescription diets are available that are liver friendly, meaning they contain nutrients that are easy for the liver to process. Specific medications are often recommended to help support liver function. Your veterinarian may also recommend vitamin and mineral supplements, as vitamin deficiencies often occur with liver disease.

In cases of more severe liver disease and/or clinical signs, hospitalization of your cat with intravenous fluids, medications to support liver function, antinausea medications, and electrolyte imbalance corrections may be necessary. If your cat refuses to eat, a feeding tube may be placed to facilitate proper nutrition while the liver heals. Blood or plasma transfusions may be necessary where liver disease impacts your cat’s blood-clotting abilities. Cats with liver cancer may benefit from chemotherapy and/or surgery to help fight the disease process and prevent or slow the progression of the cancer.

Frequently Asked Questions

How Does Obesity Contribute to Liver Disease in Cats?

Obese cats that undergo a period of stress resulting in poor appetite or lack of food may experience hepatic lipidosis also known as fatty liver disease. This occurs when the body rapidly breaks down fat reserves, which then accumulate in the liver. The liver is unable to properly process this sudden influx of fat, which then builds up and prevents the liver from performing its normal functions. Untreated fatty liver disease is a serious condition that can lead to liver failure and may result in death.

Is Tylenol Safe for Cats?

Several toxins can damage your cat’s liver, including Tylenol. This is why it is important to consult with your veterinarian prior to giving your cat any medication, including over-the-counter medicines. If you believe that your cat has consumed a toxic substance, reach out to your veterinarian, the Pet Poison Helpline, or the ASPCA Animal Poison Control for assistance.

How Is Liver Disease Treated?

Taking care of any underlying issues that may be causing liver disease (e.g., diabetes mellitus, obesity, etc.) is important. Prescription diets, medications that support liver function, and supportive care are often indicated in the recovery process.

Conclusion

The liver performs various functions to keep your cat healthy. While it has regenerative capabilities, certain conditions, diseases, and toxins may impact its ability to work properly. Prompt treatment of liver disease is crucial for the best outcome. Treatment for liver disease may include correcting underlying issues, intravenous fluid therapy, medications to support liver function, and dietary management.

• See Also: Ascites in Cats (Abdominal Fluid Buildup): Our Vet Explains Signs, Causes & Care

Featured Image Credit: Libre, Shutterstock

The post Liver Disease in Cats: Our Vet Explains Causes, Signs & Treatments by Dr. Stacie Grannum DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Alleviating your cat’s pain is generally achieved through the use of pain medications prescribed by your veterinarian. However, there are other ways to help manage your cat’s pain that can be used in conjunction with medications or used separately. Adding supplements to your cat’s diet or trying home remedies should always be discussed with your veterinarian first. Never attempt to give your cat over-the-counter pain medications without consulting with your veterinarian, as these can be deadly to cats.

The following list is what you can attempt at home to help your cat’s pain in the short term, but if signs do not improve or if they worsen, you need to take your cat to a veterinarian for an examination.

The 10 Vet-Approved Home Remedies You Can Give to a Cat That Is In Pain

1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 fatty acids are best known to be contained in fish oil. They help prevent and improve inflammation, especially for arthritis. Fish oil can also help resolve other inflammatory conditions, such as skin disease.

2. Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate

These compounds are often used together to help decrease inflammation and pain. Glucosamine has mild anti-inflammatory properties that are helpful for joint inflammation due to conditions like arthritis. Chondroitin aids in the prevention of cartilage destruction. Both glucosamine and chondroitin can increase the production of joint fluid, which protects (lubricates) the cartilage and bones from friction and erosion during movement. A lack of sufficient joint fluid can lead to osteoarthritis.

3. Curcumin

Curcumin is the active ingredient in turmeric, a common spice that may decrease inflammation and pain. This anti-inflammatory supplement can be particularly useful for arthritis and joint pain.

4. CBD

Cannabidiol (CBD) is produced from hemp (cannabis) but lacks the compound tetrahydrocannabinol. While there is limited research on the risks and benefits of CBD use in cats and animals overall, it seems to have the potential to help manage pain. Despite many health claims for its use, CBD is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat specific conditions in animals, so it should be used cautiously.

5. Heat Therapy

Heat increases blood flow to painful areas and can decrease joint stiffness and pain and provide relief to sore muscles. Always test heat sources on your arm before applying it to your cat, and make sure there is a towel covering the heat source to help protect your pet from burns. A hot water bottle filled with warm water or a microwave-safe pet warming disk that your cat may cuddle up to are examples of warming devices that you can safely use. Only use a heating pad on the lowest heat setting, and ensure that your cat can move away from it if they get too hot. Heating pads should also be used cautiously because they can cause thermal burns and heat stress.

6. Cold Therapy

Cold therapy, such as the use of a covered ice pack or a bag of frozen veggies, decreases blood flow, lessens swelling and the pain associated with swollen and inflamed tissues, and can numb painful areas. Always place a towel or washcloth between the cooling device and your cat’s skin, as it can cause frostbite. This therapy can be applied for 10–15 minutes at a time, twice daily, for pain.

7. Water Therapy

If tolerated, your cat may benefit from water therapy. Placing your cat in a tub and gently swirling warm water around their sore joints and muscles can help improve circulation and decrease pain. Not all cats will like water therapy, though, so it is important to be aware of your cat’s emotional state when trying this remedy.

8. Epsom Salt Soak

Warm Epsom salt soaks can help relax muscles, decrease pain and swelling, and loosen stiff joints, but only if your cat tolerates the water soak. Epsom salt baths should not be used if open wounds or sores are present, as they can cause stinging and irritation.

9. Massage

Gentle massage may benefit your cat by promoting circulation, relaxing stiff and sore muscles and joints, reducing swelling, and improving flexibility. It can also help release feel-good endorphins, which can alleviate stress and pain in your cat.

10. Soothing Environment

Certain stimuli and stress can negatively affect your cat if they are in pain. Similarly, if you were in a hospital bed and the environment around you was loud and chaotic, you would have difficulty recovering. Creating a calm, quiet, relaxing, and distraction-free environment can help your cat heal and ease their stress. It can also alleviate pain and improve your cat’s well-being and emotional state.

Set up a warm, dimly-lit room or area where your cat can relax. Offer hiding areas where your cat can feel more comfortable and secure. Spraying a cat pheromone spray on bedding or towels (not directly on your cat) or using a pheromone diffuser may help reduce signs of stress. Softly playing classical music or music specifically developed for cats can promote relaxation. Stay calm and use a gentle, soothing voice and slow deliberate movements around your cat.

Conclusion

Treating your cat’s pain at home should be done cautiously and under the supervision of a veterinarian. While these remedies may help, they may also have no effect or may worsen the signs that you see in your cat. Certain supplements may interfere with other medications that your cat may be on, so it is always best to discuss any home remedies with your veterinarian before administering them. If your cat’s pain does not improve or worsen, an examination and further pain management may need to be prescribed by your veterinarian.

Featured Image Credit By: Olesya_Alexandrova, Shutterstock

The post What Can I Give My Cat for Pain at Home? Our Vet Answers 10 Home Remedies by Dr. Stacie Grannum DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Knowing when to say goodbye is often one of the hardest aspects of pet ownership. Perhaps you are wondering if you waited too long or let your pet go too soon. Maybe your pet still has more good days than bad days, and you are seeking guidance as to when the right time is.

Cats may give more subtle signs than dogs when they feel poorly, so we are here to help you decide when your cat is ready to journey to the Rainbow Bridge.

What Is Nasal Cancer?

Nasal cancer is less common in cats than in dogs, making up approximately 1% of all cancers in cats. It is less likely to spread to other tissues and organs in the body. Instead, it grows aggressively in the nasal cavity and sinuses, where it destroys the local tissues, bone, and can even advance into the cat’s brain. Common types of nasal cancer diagnosed in cats include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma.

What Is the Prognosis?

The prognosis for cats diagnosed with nasal cancer depends on the type of tumor and how early it was detected and treated. Without treatment, cats rarely live beyond a few months. Treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Treatment is uncommonly curative, however, due to the aggressive nature of the cancer. The average survival time for cats after advanced radiation therapy is 6 to 18 months.

How Will I Know It’s Time?

An important part of knowing when to euthanize is assessing your cat’s quality of life. Quality of life refers to your cat’s health, comfort, happiness, and well-being. It gauges your cat’s interest in things like favorite activities, foods, treats, and interactions with you and other people. When assessing your cat’s quality of life, consider their pain level, eating and drinking habits, mobility, behavior, toileting, interest in preferred activities, and interactions with your family. A good way to keep track of your observations is to keep a daily journal reflecting your cat’s progress.

Lap of Love, which is a practice dedicated to veterinary hospice and in-home euthanasia, has a free online quality of life assessment and daily diary for your use. They also offer a “Quality-of-Life” scale and have an online quality of life assessment questionnaire to provide you with more information if you are unsure if your cat’s cancer is impacting his/her life. Keeping track of your cat’s good days versus bad days is also helpful in deciding when to euthanize. When the bad days outweigh the good days, it may be time to consider euthanasia. A free calendar is available for your use to monitor any changes in your cat’s behavior.

Signs that indicate euthanasia should be considered for cats with nasal cancer include the following:

You also need to consider your quality of life too, and how caring for a cat with nasal cancer may impact your life and those of your family. Are you able to provide supplemental feeding, hydration (subcutaneous fluids), and oxygen on a daily basis if your cat needs it? Can you give your cat all prescribed medications? Are you able to keep your cat clean if he stops grooming or soils himself? Can you help your cat get around the house if his mobility decreases? These are questions you need to think about when deciding the right time to euthanize.

Tips for Keeping Your Cat Comfortable

It can be overwhelming to think of everything you can do to make your cat comfortable.

Conclusion

The goal of euthanasia is to provide a “good death”, free from further pain and suffering. If your cat has more bad days than good days or you are unable to provide further care for your cat, euthanasia should be considered. If your cat’s cancer has progressed beyond the point of being helped with medications and pain control, euthanasia should be considered.

Euthanasia is a gift that allows us to help our pets transition peacefully without suffering or pain. Families pursuing end-of-life care for their cats are not alone, and together, we can find the courage, determination, and strength to provide the best quality of life for our pets as possible.

Featured Image Credit: MakeStory Studio, Shutterstock

The post Nasal Cancer in Cats: Our Vet Explains When to Euthanize by Dr. Stacie Grannum DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Cats express themselves and communicate with their owners through body language cues and vocalizations. These may include a flickering tail, a crouched posture, purring, or meowing. Biting is another way that cats communicate.

There are a few reasons that a cat may bite, so let’s delve further into this behavior and learn ways to prevent it from happening as much as possible.

The 7 Reasons That Cats Bite

1. Playing

Cats and kittens may nip each other when playing. While this can be normal behavior to them, it can be undesirable and painful if they are nipping you!

2. Attention

As much as we love our cats, they sometimes do strange things. One of these is biting you for attention! They may stalk your feet around the house, then pounce and bite them. This behavior will surely get your attention, and cats know that! Bored cats tend to get themselves into trouble, which may result in scratched furniture, walls, and of course, ankle biting when they are seeking attention or entertainment.

3. Overstimulation

While cats may enjoy petting sessions, they can also become overreactive, overexcited or simply have had enough petting for the time being. If you do not pay attention to your cat’s body language telling you to stop and you continue, your cat may bite you as a final way to say, “Please stop. I’ve had enough for now.” Cats may also bite when petting is unwanted or you’re petting sensitive areas.

4. Fear

While cats are stealthy little hunters in their own right, they are at risk of being preyed upon by other animals, such as coyotes and dogs. A cat that feels cornered with no escape can resort to biting as an attempt to get away from the threat. This threat can be you or other people if you force your cat to do something, such as be restrained for nail trimming.

A common example is the trap-neuter-release programs for feral cats. When a cat is cornered in a cat trap, they will hiss, scratch, crouch, growl, flatten their ears, and nervously twitch their tail in an attempt to scare you, the predator, away. This then may resort to biting a gloved hand if you reach into the trap. Fearful cats may bite if they feel they cannot get out of a situation and have no room for escape.

5. Territorial Aggression

Some cats may bite unfamiliar people, such as a neighbor or friend entering your home for a visit. Your cat may think of your home as their territory and try to protect their turf from intruders. In some instances, cats may attack familiar people and even prevent them from accessing rooms in your home as a form of dominance. If your indoor cat sees a threatening stimulus outside your home, such as another cat through the window, it may provoke aggression, which is then redirected onto you or others inside the home. They may bite you because they can’t get to the real source of their frustration and you are closer in proximity to them.

6. Motherhood

A mother cat may bite you or other people after having kittens as a way of protecting them. This behavior should subside as the kittens grow and become less dependent on their mother. On a similar note, a mother cat may bite her kittens as a way of disciplining them as well.

7. Pain

Cats that do not feel well or that are in pain or discomfort may bite. If biting is a new behavior that you have noticed from your cat, pay attention to any other signs, such as hiding, lack of appetite, increased vocalizations, hunched posture, or sensitivity to certain areas on their body, as these may indicate that your cat is in pain or uncomfortable.

If you are concerned about the health and well-being of your pet, seek veterinary advice for the best course of action.

Speak To a Vet Online From the Comfort of Your Couch!

If you need to speak with a vet but can’t get to one, head over to PangoVet. It’s an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!

Click to Speak With a Vet

How to Stop Your Cat From Biting You

Biting is part of a cat’s natural instincts, and while you cannot completely stop your cat from biting you, there are a few ways that you can minimize or redirect this behavior. One of these is to offer a cat-friendly toy when your feline friend begins biting. Be sure to give them plenty of praise when your cat redirects this behavior onto an appropriate object or exhibits desirable behavior around you and others (i.e., has a quiet, calm demeanor).

If you do not have a toy to redirect behavior in the moment, remove your hand, stay calm, and ignore your cat’s attempts for attention through biting or scratching. Reward calm and quiet behavior.

It is always a wise idea to have different toys, ledges, cat trees, and scratching posts around your home for them to enjoy, thus preventing boredom. Schedule daily play sessions with your cat to provide them with much-needed exercise, especially indoor cats. Enrichment activities can also improve your bond and strengthen your relationship with your cat.

Never punish your cat, as it is ineffective and may lead to undesirable behaviors instigated by fear. Become familiar with your cat’s body language, and know when to give them space. Learn the undesirable petting areas on their body that may lead to a bite. Some cats might enjoy a scratch under the chin but may swat or bite you if you get too close to their chest or belly.

Cats that have given birth should be provided with a calm, quiet, and distraction-free environment to raise their kittens. Keep human and other pet visits to a minimum if your cat has aggressive tendencies. If your cat begins biting you suddenly or reacting negatively to touch, this abnormal behavior should be evaluated by your veterinarian to determine the cause.

Cats may respond favorably to calming cat pheromone sprays. In other instances, they may need a prescription medication(s) to help control anxiety, stress, and aggression.

Our Favorite Catnip Toy

Great cat toys are crucial to keeping your cat happy and healthy. We love Hepper's Catnip Stick Toy because it's handmade in the USA, available in a cool range of colors, and sturdy enough to withstand your cat's sharp claws. Best of all, you won't find any filler here – just 100% organic catnip!

Hepper Stick Catnip Cat Kicker Toy

• No Filler - Like all the best cat toys our is stuffed with 100% organic catnip. Cheap cat toys with...
• Flexible Play - Simple plush shape is great for biting, scratching and pawing. It can start life as...
• Durably Designed - Our cat safe toys are hand-stitched with a double-lined exterior construction for...

Check Price on Amazon

At Catster, we’ve admired Hepper for many years and decided to take a controlling ownership interest so that we could benefit from the outstanding designs of this cool cat company!

Conclusion

Cats may bite for various reasons to communicate with their owners. Biting may result during play or when seeking attention. Cats can bite if they are fearful or overstimulated or just want to be left alone. Protecting their territory and kittens can also provoke a bite. Cats that do not feel well due to illness, pain, or injury may bite in an attempt to get you away from them.

Biting is an instinct for cats, but you can minimize injury to yourself and others by being aware of your cat’s body language and knowing when to redirect this behavior or back off before your cat is compelled to bite.

See Also: 

• Why Does My Cat Bite My Ear? 10 Possible Reasons
• Why Do Cats Bite Each Other’s Necks? The Interesting Reasons
• Why Does My Cat Bite Their Feet? 7 Vet Reviewed Reasons

Featured Image Credit: SerPhoto, Shutterstock

The post 7 Reasons Why Cats Bite and How to Stop It (Vet Answer) by Dr. Stacie Grannum DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Low blood pressure occurs less commonly in cats than high blood pressure does. Causes may include blood loss, severe infection, heart disease, or even side effects from medications. Cats with low blood pressure may have pale gums, weakness, behavioral changes, or a lower-than-normal body temperature (hypothermia). Correctly treating low blood pressure involves determining the underlying cause.

What Is Low Blood Pressure in Cats?

Low blood pressure, also known as hypotension, is when blood pressure is lower than normal. When blood pressure is low, there is decreased blood perfusion to organs, tissues, and cells. This may lead to organ failure due to decreased delivery of oxygen to major organs.

A cat’s blood pressure is measured similarly to that in humans. The normal blood pressure in humans is 120/80 mm Hg. The top number, known as the systolic pressure, measures the pressure in the artery wall while the heart is contracting. The bottom number, known as the diastolic pressure, measures the pressure in the artery wall when the heart is relaxed.

In cats, the systolic pressure is more important and reliable than the diastolic pressure. Normal systolic blood pressure in a cat is less than 150 mm Hg. However, a systolic blood pressure measuring 100 mm Hg or less is considered hypotensive in cats.

What Are the Signs of Low Blood Pressure in Cats?

Cats with an overactive immune response to an infection, known as sepsis, or with systemic inflammatory response syndrome may have a slower-than-normal heart rate, known as bradycardia instead of tachycardia. This is commonly seen in cats with shock.

What Are the Causes of Low Blood Pressure in Cats?

How Is Low Blood Pressure in Cats Diagnosed?

Low blood pressure is typically diagnosed through physical exam findings, including blood pressure readings of 100 mm Hg or less. Cats with low blood pressure may have pale gums, weakness, increased capillary refill time, cool extremities, and hypothermia. Normal cats typically have a resting heart rate of 160 to 200 beats per minute. Heart rates above or below this range may indicate tachycardia or bradycardia.

Diagnostic testing, such as blood work, urinalysis, radiographs, and ultrasound, may help determine the causes of low blood pressure after your cat has been stabilized by your veterinarian. Monitoring equipment like an ECG may be used to diagnose heart arrhythmias.

How Is Low Blood Pressure Treated in Cats?

When it comes to caring for a cat with low blood pressure, the goals of treatment are to restore blood pressure, blood volume, and oxygen delivery to cells, tissues, and organs as soon as possible. Treatment may depend on the underlying cause(s) of the low blood pressure.

Frequently Asked Questions

What Is the Normal Blood Pressure Range for Cats?

The normal blood pressure range is less than 150 mm Hg, typically 120 to 140 mm Hg.

What Blood Pressure Reading Indicates That My Cat May Have Low Blood Pressure?

Systolic blood pressure readings of 100 mm Hg or less may indicate that your cat is hypotensive.

How Is Blood Pressure Measured in Cats?

Blood pressure is measured indirectly using a sphygmomanometer or Doppler ultrasound. It can also be measured directly by placing a catheter in an artery that is then connected to a pressure transducer.

Conclusion

Low blood pressure can be a potentially serious complication in cats. It can only be effectively treated once the underlying cause(s) have been determined. Treatment goals are to restore blood pressure, blood volume, and oxygen delivery to the cells of the body.

Featured Image Credit: Julia Cherk, Shutterstock

The post Low Blood Pressure in Cats: Our Vet Explains the Signs, Causes, Treatments & FAQ by Dr. Stacie Grannum DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

The eyes are often called, “the windows to the soul,” and this is also true for our feline friends. We can decipher how our cat is feeling just by the appearance of their eyes. Bright, round, responsive eyes may indicate that your cat is feeling great. Persistently squinty, tightly closed, watery eyes may indicate a health problem. As their owner, you should know what is normal and abnormal for your cat. Untreated eye issues can lead to blindness or even the loss of an eye.

What Is a Corneal Ulcer?

A corneal ulcer is a breach in the integrity of the clear membrane on the surface of the eyeball. The cornea is a thin, protective membrane composed of three layers: the outermost layer, known as the epithelium; the middle layer, which is the stroma; and the innermost layer, called Descemet’s membrane.

An ulcer can occur through the first few layers of the corneal epithelium, which is known as a simple ulcer or abrasion, or it can occur deeper, involving the epithelium and the stroma. An eye with an ulcer may appear cloudy due to the absorption of tears in the stroma layer. A much more serious issue can occur if the ulcer penetrates through the innermost layer of the cornea. When this happens, it is called a descemetocele. If this layer ruptures, the fluid from the eye can leak out, which collapses the eye and causes irreversible damage.

What Are the Signs of a Corneal Ulcer?

Corneal ulcers are painful, which is why a cat may exhibit these behaviors to try to relieve the pain.

What Causes a Corneal Ulcer?

Injury to the cornea can occur through play, squabbling with another cat, rubbing the eye on a rough surface, or getting poked by a thorn or a stick. Shampoos and other liquids and chemicals that get into the eye may irritate and burn the cornea. Certain bacterial and viral illnesses, such as feline herpes virus, can affect the eyes, leading to ulcers. Other diseases like diabetes mellitus and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye) or breed-specific ailments, such as Manx stromal dystrophy, can all lead to corneal injury and ulcer formation.

How Do I Care for a Cat With a Corneal Ulcer?

If your cat displays signs of a possible eye issue, it is recommended to schedule a veterinary exam as soon as possible. Your veterinarian will gather a detailed medical history and conduct a thorough physical examination, paying special attention to the eyes.

Superficial ulcers may not be visible to the naked eye, so a special dye, known as fluorescence stain, may be used. The stain adheres to the ulcer in the cornea, which makes it fluorescent green and readily visible. Small ulcers may need to be seen with the use of an ophthalmoscope light and filter. Deep or chronic ulcers may need to be sampled for bacteria, or cultured, to target an appropriate therapy.

Superficial abrasions or simple ulcers typically heal within 3 to 5 days. Your veterinarian may prescribe antibiotic eye drops or ointments and pain-relieving drops to prevent infection and relieve pain. Other methods of pain control may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or pain relievers like gabapentin. Deep ulcers and descemetoceles may require surgery to protect the eye and promote healing. This can involve suturing the third eyelid over the ulcer or suturing the eyelids closed for a few days to allow the ulcer to heal. Depending on the severity of the ulcer, it may take 1 to 8 weeks for an ulcer to completely heal after being treated.

Neovascularization may occur during the healing process. This is when new blood vessels form across the surface of the cornea to the ulcer. The vessels may remain on the cornea after healing is complete. If the vessels are extensive, it may interfere with vision. Topical corticosteroids may be used after the ulcer is completely healed to help decrease the size of the vessels.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Can an Untreated Ulcer Worsen?

Yes, ulcers can progress and may lead to blindness. Even treated ulcers need careful monitoring to ensure that healing is headed in the right direction.

How Will I Know When the Ulcer Has Healed?

Your veterinarian will repeat the fluorescein stain test. When the stain no longer adheres to a specific area on the cornea, it suggests that healing has taken place.

Can Steroid Eye Medication Be Used on an Active Eye Ulcer?

No. Steroid eye medication should be avoided because it can slow healing and worsen the ulcer.

Conclusion

Cats displaying signs of eye discomfort or pain should be evaluated by a veterinarian as soon as possible. Corneal ulcers may need to be treated with antibiotic eye medication and pain relievers. More serious eye ulcers may require surgical intervention to promote healing. Untreated, progressive ulcers may lead to the loss of the eye. Frequent check-ups with your veterinarian are necessary to ensure that the ulcer is healing properly.

Featured Image Credit: santypan, Shutterstock

The post Corneal Ulcer In Cats: Our Vet Explains the Causes, Signs & Treatment Options by Dr. Stacie Grannum DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

“Chonky” cats, though rather adorable, may be prone to serious health risks due to being overweight. Nearly 60% of cats in North America are overweight, making obesity one of the most common and preventable diseases affecting domestic cats today. A cat is considered overweight when they are more than 10–20% above their ideal body weight and obese when they’re over 20% of their ideal body weight.

Why Is Excess Body Fat Unhealthy in Cats?

Fat secretes inflammatory hormones and produces oxidative stress in tissues and organs. Oxidative stress occurs when there are excessive free radicals in the body and not enough antioxidants to get rid of them. This can damage organs and tissues and may result in various diseases. Currently, obesity is treated as a chronic, low-level inflammatory condition in cats.

The 9 Risks Associated With Being Overweight or Obese

1. Diabetes

Obesity can make diabetes more difficult to control. Insufficient insulin production or response to the insulin hormone can lead to diabetes mellitus. Insulin is essential for the regulation of glucose, or blood sugar.

2. Heart Disease and High Blood Pressure

Excessive weight can place extra stress on the heart and circulatory system. Extra weight can also impair lung function.

3. Anesthesia Complications

Extra fat may prevent anesthetic drugs from being metabolized properly, which can lead to an overdose.

4. Kidney and Urinary Disease

Kidney-related issues may develop due to excessive body fat, including enlarged kidneys and scarring of the delicate filtering units in the organs. Obesity can also be a risk factor for feline lower urinary tract disease.

5. Liver Disease

Obese cats that suddenly stop eating may develop a serious and life-threatening liver condition known as hepatic lipidosis. Excessive fat accumulation in the liver can lead to liver failure.

6. Arthritis

Excessive weight on joints adds to the wear and tear of the bones and cartilage and can lead to painful chronic conditions, such as osteoarthritis.

7. Immunodeficiency

Chronic inflammation due to excessive fat may cause an immunodeficiency and may make it difficult for your cat to fight off infections. This may also lead to cancer.

8. Grooming Issues

Obese cats may have difficulty reaching and grooming themselves, which can lead to a matted, greasy, soiled, and unkempt hair coat. Improper grooming may also lead to skin infections.

9. Shorter Life Expectancy

Excess body fat can shorten a cat’s lifespan and lead to disease. According to the VCA, “a 2.8-fold increase in mortality has been shown in obese cats (8–12 years old) compared to lean cats.”

We recommend getting advice from a veterinarian if you have any questions or concerns regarding your pet’s diet and weight.

Speak To a Vet Online From the Comfort of Your Couch!

If you need to speak with a vet but can’t get to one, head over to PangoVet. It’s an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!

Click to Speak With a Vet

Conclusion

Obesity in cats can lead to several health issues. Preventing obesity, however, often incorporates the right amount of exercise and nutrition to keep your cat fit and trim. Discussing your cat’s medical history, lifestyle, and diet with your veterinarian often leads to healthier pets in the long run.

• You may also like to read: Liposuction For Cats: Our Vet Explains

Featured Image Credit: Kseniya-Bogdanova, Shutterstock

The post 9 Health Risks for Overweight Cats (Vet Answer) by Dr. Stacie Grannum DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Cat owners recognize that providing nutritious food, fresh, clean water, and a comfortable and safe environment is essential for happy and healthy pets. Making sure your kitten or cat is up to date on their vaccinations is also crucial. Vaccines provide protection from diseases that may cause severe illness or death. Veterinarians evaluate each kitten or cat as an individual because each can differ in which vaccines are recommended based on their age, lifestyle, and overall health. Essentially, vaccine recommendations are tailored to what will benefit and protect your kitten or cat the most.

Vaccines are generally divided into two groups: core and non-core (optional). Core vaccines are highly recommended for all cats and kittens, while non-core vaccines are recommended based on your cat’s or kitten’s lifestyle and disease risk. Considerations include if your pet is an indoor versus outdoor cat or if they have contact with other felines of unknown vaccination status.

Core vs. Non-core Vaccines

Let’s look closer at core and non-core vaccines and the diseases that they help protect your cat or kitten against.

1. Core Vaccines

Core vaccines are recommended for all healthy cats and kittens because these protect them from widespread diseases that can cause significant disease or death.

Unfortunately, if the cat is already infected with FeLV (presence of antigens), there is no proven benefit for vaccination.

2. Non-core (Optional Vaccines)

Non-core vaccines are recommended based on your cat’s or kitten’s age, environment, lifestyle, and disease risk.

Unfortunately, if the cat is already infected with FeLV (presence of antigens), there is no proven benefit for vaccination.

Finally, the feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) vaccine is not generally recommended because there is not enough evidence to suggest protection.

Vaccine Schedule

Now let’s delve into the vaccine schedule, or when and how often your pet may need a certain vaccine to be considered protected and up to date. Remember, vaccine recommendations are made depending on your cat’s or kitten’s age, environment, lifestyle, and disease risks. The frequency of vaccination may also depend on the maker of the vaccine, a.k.a. the vaccine manufacturer.

It may be confusing to determine if your pet needs a certain vaccine. A great online tool to help you with the decision is the feline lifestyle-based vaccine calculator by the American Animal Hospital Association. It is free to use, and it can assist you with vaccine suggestions based on your pet’s age and relevant risk factors. That said, you should always consult with your veterinarian about your cat’s vaccine needs.

Conclusion

Vaccines are a vital part of your pet’s health and well-being. They protect cats and kittens from infectious diseases and prevent the spreading of disease from one cat to another and in some cases, from cats to other animals and vice versa. By working closely with your veterinarian, you can determine which vaccines are recommended based on your cat’s risk factors and ensure that your pet is properly protected.

• See also: Chlamydia in Cats: Our Vet Explains the Causes, Signs & Treatments

Featured Image Credit: Africa Studio, Shutterstock

The post What Vaccines Does My Cat Need? Our Vet Explains the Vaccine Schedule From Kittens Up by Dr. Stacie Grannum DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.